Microbial Production of Industrial Chemicals

Industrial chemicals are used in a multitude of processes that impact every area of human society, from the food and drug industries to the chemicals industry to construction. However, processes to produce these chemicals can create harmful by-products and, therefore, scientists are turning to other technologies to produce them. Image Credit: TRMK / Shutterstock.com This

COPD Risk Factors

For a patient suffering from any of the conditions categorized under COPD, the lungs are affected in a manner that hinders their proper functioning. The damage to the lung continuously increases and the symptoms become progressively worse. In most conditions the damage caused to the lungs is permanent even with medical aid. Symptoms commonly include

Hormones in Young Children

What Are Hormones? Hormones are signaling molecules that relay specific chemical messages throughout the body. They travel through tissue fluids, such as the bloodstream to stimulate particular cells or tissues and exert their effects. The body produces many different types of hormones. Together, hormones act on almost every cell, organ and bodily process and function.

What is Genetic Anticipation?

By Kirsty Ingram, MRes, BSc Genetic anticipation is a phenomenon in which the signs and symptoms of genetic conditions become more severe and/or appear at an earlier age, as they are passed from one generation to the next. Credit: gopixa/Shutterstock.com Genetic anticipation is an unusual type of genetic inheritance in which there is a progressive

When Should You Wet Your Toothbrush?

Brushing teeth is an important part of dental hygiene. A regular routine for teeth care is necessary for maintaining good dental health. Normally dentists recommend that you brush your teeth twice a day. The duration of brushing should last two minutes and the toothpaste you use should contain fluoride. However, this does not answer a

Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis (SCFE) Causes

A slipped capital femoral epiphysis is a condition in which the epiphysis over the head of the femur slips outward and backwards, putting the hip joint in outward rotation and altering the relation of the femoral neck and head. The slip may be acute or chronic, and occurs through the growth plate. It usually takes

Sun Exposure – Positive and Negative Effects

Sunlight has both positive and negative effects on the human body. For example, it is well known that sun exposure can cause burns to the skin and increase the risk of cancer over the long term; however, sun exposure is also required for synthesis of Vitamin D in the skin. This results in a need

Encapsulating Islet Cells for the Treatment of Diabetes

The need to avoid immunosuppression is often the driving force behind research into alternative therapeutic options for the treatment of a range of diseases. Image Credit: Jose Luis Calvo/Shutterstock.com One such disease is type I diabetes, which develops as a result of immune cell-mediated destruction of the pancreatic B cells. Encapsulation and tolerance induction are

Causes of Epidermal Nevi

An epidermal nevus is a benign overgrowth of epidermal cells usually seen at birth or early in childhood. There is usually one or more nevi of varying diameter. Epidermal nevi are classified by the type of cell involved. These include: keratinocytic nevi, which often follow the lines of Blaschko sebaceous nevi which are smooth pale

Guillain-Barré Syndrome – Symptoms and Causes

Guillain-Barré syndrome is a neurological, autoimmune condition characterized by rapidly developing muscle weakness in affected individuals. The syndrome usually follows a period of sickness such as a viral or bacterial infection in the patient. The patient will initially have a combination of tingling, pain, or numbness in their arms and legs. This can then progress

Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome Epidemiology

Dr Liji Thomas, MD More than 90% of Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) cases in children are caused by an enteric infection with the Shiga toxin-producing bacterium E. coli (STEC) strain O57 H7. Other strains may also cause STEC but rarely lead to HUS. The O157 H7 strain infects 1% of healthy cattle, inhabiting the intestine

Self-Help for Health Anxiety

People mostly worry about their health when they have some physical symptoms. This worry vanishes after getting the necessary and valid confirmation; however, for some people, the uneasiness and tension does not go away and they imagine having a serious medical condition. These worries affect their daily lives in many ways and progresses to severe

Interrupted Aortic Arch

Interrupted aortic arch (IAA) is a rare congenital heart condition first described by Steidele in 1773. The condition accounts for less than 1% of congenital heart conditions and is part of a broader spectrum of heart anomalies in 97% of affected children. In affect individuals, the aorta is completely discontinuous somewhere between the ascending and

Type of Pollen Allergies

Skip to: How allergies usually work? Types of Pollen Allergies Diagnosis of Pollen Allergies How to Treat Pollen Allergies? Pollen grains are released by trees, flowers and other plans with to fertilize other plants of the same species. An allergy to pollen is one of the most allergic reactions is the USA. Studies show that

Portal Hypertensive Gastropathy Signs and Symptoms

By Jeyashree Sundaram (MBA) Portal hypertensive gastropathy (PHG) is a topic of intense interest to clinicians and endoscopists. PHG refers to a wide range of distinct gastric lesions that appear in the gastric mucous membrane. These lesions may arise as a result of endoscopic variceal blockages, portal hypertension in the lower abdomen, or in patients

Thermal Analysis of Pharmaceutical Materials

Thermal analytical techniques are invaluable methods for characterizing the properties and structure of pharmaceutical materials. These techniques analyze the change in a specific property of the analyte as a function of temperature. This kind of analysis provides valuable insights into the thermodynamics and kinetics involved and thus the properties of the analyte. The main thermal

Comet Assay Applications

Comet assays are used to determine the extent of DNA damage in a cell. This information can provide a great deal of useful information regarding the diagnosis and progression of diseases, the value of different therapies, and the environmental and occupational exposure to harmful chemicals. In the process, an electrical current is applied to a

Genetic Risk Associated with Social Anxiety

By Jeyashree Sundaram, MBA Social anxiety disorder (SAD) refers to an anxiety disorder triggered by social situations. People with SAD have symptoms like fast heartbeat, sweating, and stomach upset when they are anxious. They have a fear that people might scrutinize their performance and evaluate them negatively. Credit: Khakimullin Aleksandr/ Shutterstock.com The main causes of

Genetic Risk Associated with Social Anxiety

By Jeyashree Sundaram, MBA Social anxiety disorder (SAD) refers to an anxiety disorder triggered by social situations. People with SAD have symptoms like fast heartbeat, sweating, and stomach upset when they are anxious. They have a fear that people might scrutinize their performance and evaluate them negatively. Credit: Khakimullin Aleksandr/ Shutterstock.com The main causes of

What is the Triple Screen in Pregnancy?

The triple screen is a blood screening test that is done in the second trimester of pregnancy to provide a risk estimate for the occurrence of Down syndrome in the fetus. It consists of three tests, the results of which are combined with the maternal age to derive the risk: MS-AFP (maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein) Human